EXTRACTION, CHARACTERIZATION OF MICRO CRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE OBTAINED FROM CORN HUSK USING DIFFERENT ACID ALKALI TREATMENT METHOD

The aim of this work was to prepare low-cost and suitable microcrystalline cellulose [MCC] powder from corn husk [CH]. Extraction of microcrystalline cellulose was performed by pulping of husks with different acids [Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid, and Nitric acid], alkali [Sodium Hydroxide] treatment and bleaching. The morphology of the treated microcrystalline cellulose was investigated using scanning electron microscopy [SEM], which showed a compact structure and sharp surface. Fourier transform infrared [FT-IR] spectroscopy indicated that characteristic peaks of all prepared microcrystalline cellulose [Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid, and Nitric acid] samples and Marketed product [Avicel PH101] were similar. As per X-ray diffraction [XRD] crystallinity index of the produced microcrystalline cellulose ranged from 73% to 79%. The resultant excipient obtained from above mentioned method demonstrated strong thermal stability. Authenticity of the microcrystalline cellulose was proved by comparing physico chemical and micromeritic properties with Avicel PH101. Keywords: Microcrystalline cellulose, corn husk, physicochemical properties , micromeritic properties and thermal properties

Effects of microcrystalline cellulose on some performance properties of chitosan aerogels

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the microcrystalline cellulose reinforcement on some physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the chitosan aerogels. The bio-based chitosan aerogels were produced using chitosan as a matrix and the microcrystalline cellulose as a reinforce material through freeze-drying method. The aerogel suspensions were prepared in five different ratios to investigate the effect of microcrystalline cellulose content. The density, porosity, thermogravimetric analysis, and compressive resistance tests were conducted according to relevant standards. Morphological properties were investigated using scanning electron microscope. The introduction of microcrystalline cellulose significantly improved the compressive resistance, thermal properties (Tonset and T%50) of the chitosan aerogels. The optimum performance properties determined as 0,12 MPa for compressive resistance, 0,27 MPa for compressive modulus, 292,45 °C for Tonset and 365 °C for T%50. According to scanning electron microscope images, aerogels showed microporous structure as expected. As a result, the bio-based chitosan aerogels reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose were successfully manufactured. The mechanical and thermal properties including compressive resistance, compressive modulus, Tonset and T%50 of chitosan- microcrystalline cellulose aerogels found promising

Effects of microcrystalline cellulose on some performance properties of chitosan aerogels

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the microcrystalline cellulose reinforcement on some physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the chitosan aerogels. The bio-based chitosan aerogels were produced using chitosan as a matrix and the microcrystalline cellulose as a reinforce material through freeze-drying method. The aerogel suspensions were prepared in five different ratios to investigate the effect of microcrystalline cellulose content. The density, porosity, thermogravimetric analysis, and compressive resistance tests were conducted according to relevant standards. Morphological properties were investigated using scanning electron microscope. The introduction of microcrystalline cellulose significantly improved the compressive resistance, thermal properties (Tonset and T%50) of the chitosan aerogels. The optimum performance properties determined as 0,12 MPa for compressive resistance, 0,27 MPa for compressive modulus, 292,45 °C for Tonset and 365 °C for T%50. According to scanning electron microscope images, aerogels showed microporous structure as expected. As a result, the bio-based chitosan aerogels reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose were successfully manufactured. The mechanical and thermal properties including compressive resistance, compressive modulus, Tonset and T%50 of chitosan- microcrystalline cellulose aerogels found promising

Effect of Added Pectin and Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) on Capsule Shell Quality

The objective of this study was analyzing the effect of the added pectin and microcrystalline cellulose (mcc) on the capsule shell quality. The method used in this study was by combining the pectin and microcrystalline cellulose composition on capsule shell manufacture. The formulation used to test the capsule shells was through 1 gram, 2 gram, 3 gram of pectin; 0 gram and 1.5 gram of microcrystalline cellulose; 1 gram of glycerol; and, 1 gram of carrageenan. The experiment tests used in this study were through the organoleptic test, the capsule weight test, the moisture test, the pH test, the dissolution time test, and the capsule-length test. The result of this study showed that the recommended formulation used to manufacture the hard capsule shells was through 3 gram pectin and 1.5 gram microcrystalline cellulose. The required temperature to heat the pectin and microcrystalline cellulose was at 90oC with 2.5-hour heating time. The characteristics of the manufactured capsule shells were that it had a turbid colour and irregular shape, the surface was not smooth and the disintegration time was 9 minutes and 21 seconds.   Keywords: Capsule Shell, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Pectin, Variation, Testin

Serat Kapuk sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Mikrokristalin Selulosa

KAPOK FIBERAS RAWMATERIALFORMAKINGMICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE. Indonesia is one of largest producer of kapok (Ceiba Pentandra) fibre in the world. In 2008, Indonesia has 157.283 hectares of kapok plantation that produced 61.273 kg of kapok fibre annually. However, currently kapok fibre in Indonesia is largely has very limited use for fillers in pillows, bolster, or beds. Kapok fibre basically had relatively high content of cellulose, which is around 64%. High cellulosic content of kapok fibre indicated its potential as source for microcrystalline cellulose, which is micro sized crystalline part extracted from cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose extracted with 2 stages, which is alkalization and hydrolysis. Alkalization process applied by immersing kapok fibre in solution of 17.5% NaOH for 8 hour at 100 °C to extract alpha cellulose of the kapok fiber. Hydrolysis was applied by immersing the alkali treated-kapok fibre in sulfuric acid solution with concentration varied in 0,1 M; 0,3 M; and 0,5 M and hydrolysis time by 4, 6, and 8 hours at 100 °C. Microcrystalline cellulose obtained was characterized with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). In this research MCC was successfully extracted from kapok fibre. Characterization result shown that the crystallinity of microcrystalline cellulose obtained is increased with the increase of acid hydrolysis time but will higher in the lower acid hydrolysis concentration. The highest crystallinity of microcrystalline cellulose was obtained from extraction with 0,1 M of sulfuric acid for 8 hour

POTENTIAL OF CELLULASE OF PENICILLIUM VERMICULATUM FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE PRODUCED FROM α-CELLULOSE OF KAPOK PERICARPIUM (CEIBA PENTANDRA)

Objective: This study aimed to find psychochemical properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained from α-cellulose kapok pericarpium. Methods: The cellulase activity was screened by clear zone and sugar reduction method. The enzym from selected mold was purified by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) chromatography. α-cellulose of kapok pericarpium was hydrolyzed using the purified cellulase enzymes. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, and qualitative analysis test. The samples were characterized for pH test, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and particle size analyzer (PSA). Results: The optimum cellulase activity was shown by Penicillium vermiculatum. It’s clear zone diameter around 3 cm and the cellulase activity was 67.73±0.25 mU/ml. The strongest cellulase activity was detected from 1st fraction (P1) out of 6 column fractions with optimum activity at 1.177±2 mU/ml. The optimal conditions for microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation were at 50 ˚C, for 2 ours, using 20 ml of acetate buffer pH 5 and 2 ml of cellulase enzyme. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained at 78% w/w and its FTIR spectrum and x-ray diffractogram similar to reference while the pH of MCC was fulfilled requirements of The United States Pharmacopoeia 2007. Conclusion: The use of purified enzyme of cellulase has succeded in microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation andmicrocrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained was 78% w/w, with similar characteristics to reference (Avicel PH 101) and the pH of MCC was fulfilled requirements of The United States Pharmacopoeia 2007

Effect of Acid Concentration on the Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Pineapple Crown Leaf

Microcrystalline cellulose was first extracted from pineapple crown leaf waste which is used very rarely as an alternative material from agricultural residue and then characterized. Microcrystalline cellulose was extracted from this waste through acid hydrolysis with various concentrations. The effect of acidconcentrations with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on microcrystalline cellulose properties was investigated to determine its potential application as a material. Pineapple crown leaf was hydrolyzed for 2 hours at 45℃ along with various sulfuric acid concentrations (1, 2, and 3 M). The properties of the cellulose were evaluated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Among all the hydrolysis conditions carried out, the best hydrolysis condition was 3 M sulfuric acid. At this hydrolysis condition, the microcrystalline cellulose presented a rod-like shape, high crystallinity at 83.16%, and have average crystal size of 17.99 nm. The functional group and morphology analysis showed that the resulted product is maintained cellulose I structure and removal of non-cellulosic constituents and the chemical compositions. As for the thermal analysis, the temperature decreased from 177℃ (2 M sulfuric acid) to 149℃ (3 M sulfuric acid) because of the incorporation of sulfate groups after the hydrolysis process. Therefore, microcrystalline cellulose obtained from pineapple crown leaf waste has great potential as reinforcement in the manufacture of composites.

Morphological and Structural Changes in Microcrystalline Cellulose from OPEFB by Mechanical Grinding

Microcrystalline cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was grinded in planetary ball mill with dry state (without solvent) and solvent-assisted (ethanol and acetone). The effect of dry state and solvent-assisted on morphological and structural changes of microcrystalline cellulose were investigated. The structure changes, including particle size, powder morphology, crystalline structure, and molecular structure during the mechanical grinding were investigated by Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer, SEM, XRD and FT-IR, respectively. The original fibrous microcrystalline cellulose was changed into irregular shape with finer micronized particles by dry state and solvent-assisted. SEM results showed that solvent-assisted significantly prevented the agglomeration phenomena during the grinding process, compared to dry state. The crystallinity after 4h solvent-assisted grinding showed fairly low crystallinity, while amorphous characteristic was observed with dry state grinding. The solvent-assisted led the hydrophilic parts of microcrystalline cellulose become stiff during the grinding that might be less deformed, leading to a fairly retain in crystallinity. The finer micronized particles were obtained under acetone-assisted and its crystallinity was fairly kept. XRD results indicated that crystalline form of origin microcrystalline was not changed by mechanical grinding

TESTING MICROCRYSTALLINE CELULLOSE USING SPECTROMETER AND POLARIZED LIGHT MICROSCOPE

It has been proposed to test the microcrystalline of cellulose materials using polarized light microscope (PLM) and uv-visible spectrometer . The microcrystalline cellulose was prepared from kenaf bast fibers while the nano crystalline was prepared from alpha cellulose using thermal acid hydrolysis. We use at 20% (v/v) and 40% (v/v)H2 SO4 in the experiment mixed and stirred within an hour up to hours. The testing using PLM clearly indicates the existence of microcryatalline cellulose while the use of uv-visible spectrometer can reveal the effectiveness of the acid hydrolysis in extracting the nanofibril from the alpha cellulose